IRS Publication 17, Chapter 5, Tax Withholding and Estimated Tax

What's New for 2005

Tax law changes for 2005. When you figure how much income tax you want withheld from your pay and when you figure your estimated tax, consider tax law changes effective in 2005. See What's New for 2005 in the front of this publication, or get Publication 553, Highlights of 2004 Tax Changes.

Reminders

Estimated tax safe harbor for higher income taxpayers. If your adjusted gross income was more than $150,000 ($75,000 if you are married filing a separate return), you will have to deposit the smaller of 90% of your expected tax for 2005 or 110% of the tax shown on your 2004 return to avoid an estimated tax penalty.

Payment of estimated tax by electronic funds withdrawal. You may be able to pay your estimated tax by authorizing an automatic withdrawal from your checking or savings account. For more information, see Payment by Electronic Funds Withdrawal in chapter 2 of Publication 505.

Introduction

This chapter discusses how to pay your tax as you earn or receive income during the year. In general, the federal income tax is a pay-as-you-go tax. There are two ways to pay as you go.

Withholding. If you are an employee, your employer probably withholds income tax from your pay. Tax may also be withheld from certain other income, including pensions, bonuses, commissions, and gambling winnings. In each case, the amount withheld is paid to the IRS in your name.
Estimated tax. If you do not pay your tax through withholding, or do not pay enough tax that way, you might have to pay estimated tax. People who are in business for themselves generally will have to pay their tax this way. You may have to pay estimated tax if you receive income such as dividends, interest, capital gains, rent, and royalties. Estimated tax is used to pay not only income tax, but self-employment tax and alternative minimum tax as well.

This chapter explains both of these methods. In addition, it explains the following.

Credit for withholding and estimated tax. When you file your 2004 income tax return, take credit for all the income tax withheld from your salary, wages, pensions, etc., and for the estimated tax you paid for 2004.
Underpayment penalty. If you did not pay enough tax during the year either through withholding or by making estimated tax payments, you may have to pay a penalty. The IRS usually can figure this penalty for you. See Underpayment Penalty at the end of this chapter.

Useful Items - You may want to see:

Publication

505 Tax Withholding and Estimated Tax
553 Highlights of 2003 Tax Changes
919 How Do I Adjust My Tax Withholding?

Form (and Instructions)

W-4
Employee's Withholding Allowance Certificate
W-4P
Withholding Certificate for Pension or Annuity Payments
W-4S
Request for Federal Income Tax Withholding From Sick Pay
W-4V
Voluntary Withholding Request
1040-ES
Estimated Tax for Individuals
2210
Underpayment of Estimated Tax by Individuals, Estates, and Trusts

Withholding

This section discusses income tax withholding on these types of income:

Salaries and wages,
Tips,
Taxable fringe benefits,
Sick pay,
Pensions and annuities,
Gambling winnings,
Unemployment compensation, and
Certain federal payments, such as social security.

This section explains in detail the rules for withholding tax from each of these types of income.

This section also covers backup withholding on interest, dividends, and other payments.

Salaries and Wages

Income tax is withheld from the pay of most employees. Your pay includes your regular pay, bonuses, commissions, and vacation allowances. It also includes reimbursements and other expense allowances paid under a nonaccountable plan. See Supplemental Wages, later, for more information about reimbursements and allowances paid under a nonaccountable plan.

If your income is low enough that you will not have to pay income tax for the year, you may be exempt from withholding. This is explained under Exemption From Withholding, later.

Military retirees. Military retirement pay is treated in the same manner as regular pay for income tax withholding purposes, even though it is treated as a pension or annuity for other tax purposes.

Household workers. If you are a household worker, you can ask your employer to withhold income tax from your pay.

Tax is withheld only if you want it withheld and your employer agrees to withhold it. If you do not have enough income tax withheld, you may have to pay estimated tax, as discussed later under Estimated Tax.

Farmworkers. Income tax is generally withheld from your cash wages for work on a farm unless your employer both:

Pays you cash wages of less than $150 during the year, and
Has expenditures for agricultural labor totaling less than $2,500 during the year.

You can ask your employer to withhold income tax from noncash wages and other wages not subject to withholding. If your employer does not agree to withhold tax, or if not enough is withheld, you may have to pay estimated tax, as discussed later under Estimated Tax.

Determining Amountof Tax Withheld Using Form W-4

The amount of income tax your employer withholds from your regular pay depends on two things.

The amount you earn.
The information you give your employer on Form W-4.

Form W-4 includes three types of information that your employer will use to figure your withholding.

Whether to withhold at the single rate or at the lower married rate.
How many withholding allowances you claim. (Each allowance reduces the amount withheld.)
Whether you want an additional amount withheld.

Note.

You must specify a filing status and a number of withholding allowances on Form W-4. You cannot specify only a dollar amount of withholding.

New Job

When you start a new job, you must fill out Form W-4 and give it to your employer. Your employer should have copies of the form. If you need to change the information later, you must fill out a new form.

If you work only part of the year (for example, you start working after the beginning of the year), too much tax may be withheld. You may be able to avoid overwithholding if your employer agrees to use the part-year method. See Part-Year Method in chapter 1 of Publication 505 for more information.

Changing Your Withholding

Events during the year may change your marital status or the exemptions, adjustments, deductions, or credits you expect to claim on your return. When this happens, you may need to give your employer a new Form W-4 to change your withholding status or number of allowances.

If the event changes your withholding status or the number of allowances you are claiming, you must give your employer a new Form W-4 within 10 days after either of the following.

Your divorce, if you have been claiming married status.
Any event that decreases the number of withholding allowances you can claim.

Generally, you can submit a new Form W-4 whenever you wish to change the number of your withholding allowances for any other reason.

Changing your withholding for 2006. If events in 2005 will decrease the number of your withholding allowances for 2006, you must give your employer a new Form W-4 by December 1, 2005. If the event occurs in December 2005, submit a new Form W-4 within 10 days.

Checking Your Withholding

After you have given your employer a Form W-4, you can check to see whether the amount of tax withheld from your pay is too little or too much. See Publication 919, later. If too much or too little tax is being withheld, you should give your employer a new Form W-4 to change your withholding.

Note.

You cannot give your employer a payment to cover withholding for past pay periods or a payment for estimated tax.

Completing Form W-4 and Worksheets

Form W-4 has worksheets to help you figure how many withholding allowances you can claim. The worksheets are for your own records. Do not give them to your employer.

Two jobs. If you have income from two jobs at the same time, complete only one set of Form W-4 worksheets. Then split your allowances between the Forms W-4 for each job. You cannot claim the same allowances with more than one employer at the same time. You can claim all your allowances with one employer and none with the other, or divide them any other way.

Married individuals. If both you and your spouse are employed and expect to file a joint return, figure your withholding allowances using your combined income, adjustments, deductions, exemptions, and credits. Use only one set of worksheets. You can divide your total allowances any way, but you cannot claim an allowance that your spouse also claims.

If you and your spouse expect to file separate returns, figure your allowances using separate worksheets based on your own individual income, adjustments, deductions, exemptions, and credits.

Alternative method of figuring withholding allowances. You do not have to use the Form W-4 worksheets if you use a more accurate method of figuring the number of withholding allowances. See Alternative method of figuring withholding allowances under Completing Form W-4 and Worksheets in chapter 1 of Publication 505 for more information.

Personal allowances worksheet. Use the Personal Allowances Worksheet on page 1 of Form W-4 to figure your withholding allowances for exemptions and any special allowances that apply.

Deductions and adjustments worksheet. Use this worksheet if you plan to itemize your deductions or claim adjustments to your income and you want to reduce your withholding.

Fill out this worksheet to adjust the number of your withholding allowances for deductions, adjustments to income, and tax credits. The Deductions and Adjustments Worksheet is on page 2 of Form W-4. Chapter 1 of Publication 505 explains this worksheet.

Two-earner/two-job worksheet. You may need to complete this worksheet if you have two jobs or a working spouse. You can also add to the amount, if any, on line 8 of this worksheet, any additional withholding necessary to cover any amount you expect to owe other than income tax, such as self-employment tax.

Getting the Right Amount of Tax Withheld

In most situations, the tax withheld from your pay will be close to the tax you figure on your return if you follow these two rules.

You accurately complete all the Form W-4 worksheets that apply to you.
You give your employer a new Form W-4 when changes occur.

But because the worksheets and withholding methods do not account for all possible situations, you may not be getting the right amount withheld. This is most likely to happen in the following situations.

You are married and both you and your spouse work.
You have more than one job at a time.
You have nonwage income, such as interest, dividends, alimony, unemployment compensation, or self-employment income.
You will owe additional amounts with your return, such as self-employment tax.
Your withholding is based on obsolete Form W-4 information for a substantial part of the year.

Cumulative wage method. If you change the number of your withholding allowances during the year, too much or too little tax may have been withheld for the period before you made the change. You may be able to compensate for this if your employer agrees to use the cumulative wage withholding method for the rest of the year. You must ask in writing that your employer use this method.

To be eligible, you must have been paid for the same kind of payroll period (weekly, biweekly, etc.) since the beginning of the year.

Publication 919

To make sure you are getting the right amount of tax withheld, get Publication 919. It will help you compare the total tax to be withheld during the year with the tax you can expect to figure on your return. It also will help you determine how much additional withholding, if any, is needed each payday to avoid owing tax when you file your return. If you do not have enough tax withheld, you may have to pay estimated tax, as explained under Estimated Tax, later.

Rules Your Employer Must Follow

It may be helpful for you to know some of the withholding rules your employer must follow. These rules can affect how to fill out your Form W-4 and how to handle problems that may arise.

New Form W-4. When you start a new job, your employer should give you a Form W-4 to fill out. Your employer will use the information you give on the form to figure your withholding beginning with your first payday.

If you later fill out a new Form W-4, your employer can put it into effect as soon as possible. The deadline for putting it into effect is the start of the first payroll period ending 30 or more days after you turn it in.

No Form W-4. If you do not give your employer a completed Form W-4, your employer must withhold at the highest rate, as if you were single and claimed no allowances.

Repaying withheld tax. If you find you are having too much tax withheld because you did not claim all the withholding allowances you are entitled to, you should give your employer a new Form W-4. Your employer cannot repay any of the tax previously withheld.

However, if your employer has withheld more than the correct amount of tax for the Form W-4 you have in effect, you do not have to fill out a new Form W-4 to have your withholding lowered to the correct amount. Your employer can repay the amount that was incorrectly withheld. If you are not repaid, your Form W-2 will reflect the full amount actually withheld.

Exemption From Withholding

If you claim exemption from withholding, your employer will not withhold federal income tax from your wages. The exemption applies only to income tax, not to social security or Medicare tax.

You can claim exemption from withholding for 2005 only if both the following situations apply.

For 2004 you had a right to a refund of all federal income tax withheld because you had no tax liability.
For 2005 you expect a refund of all federal income tax withheld because you expect to have no tax liability.

Student. If you are a student, you are not automatically exempt. See chapter 1 to see whether you must file a return. If you work only part time or only during the summer, you may qualify for exemption from withholding.

Age 65 or older or blind. If you are 65 or older or blind, use one of the worksheets in chapter 1 of Publication 505, under Exemption From Withholding, to help you decide whether you can claim exemption from withholding. Do not use either worksheet if you will itemize deductions, claim exemptions for dependents, or claim tax credits on your 2005 return. See Itemizing deductions or claiming exemptions or credits in Publication 505.

Claiming exemption from withholding. To claim exemption, you must give your employer a Form W-4. Enter “exempt” on line 7.

Your employer must send the IRS a copy of your Form W–4 if you claim exemption from withholding and your pay is expected to usually be more than $200 a week. If it turns out that you do not qualify for exemption, the IRS will send both you and your employer a written notice.

If you claim exemption, but later your situation changes so that you will have to pay income tax after all, you must file a new Form W-4 within 10 days after the change. If you claim exemption in 2005, but you expect to owe income tax for 2006, you must file a new Form W-4 by December 1, 2005.

An exemption is good for only one year. You must give your employer a new Form W-4 by February 15 each year to continue your exemption.

Supplemental Wages

Supplemental wages include bonuses, commissions, overtime pay, vacation allowances, certain sick pay, and expense allowances under certain plans. The payer can figure withholding on supplemental wages using the same method used for your regular wages. If these payments are identified separately from your regular wages, your employer or other payer of supplemental wages can withhold income tax from these wages at a flat rate.

Expense allowances. Reimbursements or other expense allowances paid by your employer under a nonaccountable plan are treated as supplemental wages.

Reimbursements or other expense allowances paid under an accountable plan that are more than your proven expenses are treated as paid under a nonaccountable plan if you do not return the excess payments within a reasonable period of time.

For more information about accountable and nonaccountable expense allowance plans, see Reimbursements in chapter 28.

Penalties

You may have to pay a penalty of $500 if both of the following apply.

You make statements or claim withholding allowances on your Form W-4 that reduce the amount of tax withheld.
You have no reasonable basis for those statements or allowances at the time you prepare your Form W-4.

There is also a criminal penalty for willfully supplying false or fraudulent information on your Form W-4 or for willfully failing to supply information that would increase the amount withheld. The penalty upon conviction can be either a fine of up to $1,000 or imprisonment for up to one year, or both.

These penalties will apply if you deliberately and knowingly falsify your Form W-4 in an attempt to reduce or eliminate the proper withholding of taxes. A simple error, an honest mistake, will not result in one of these penalties. For example, a person who has tried to figure the number of withholding allowances correctly, but claims seven when the proper number is six, will not be charged a W-4 penalty.

Tips

The tips you receive while working on your job are considered part of your pay. You must include your tips on your tax return on the same line as your regular pay. However, tax is not withheld directly from tip income, as it is from your regular pay. Nevertheless, your employer will take into account the tips you report when figuring how much to withhold from your regular pay.

See chapter 7 for information on reporting your tips to your employer. For more information on the withholding rules for tip income, see Publication 531, Reporting Tip Income.

How employer figures amount to withhold. The tips you report to your employer are counted as part of your income for the month you report them. Your employer can figure your withholding in either of two ways.

By withholding at the regular rate on the sum of your pay plus your reported tips.
By withholding at the regular rate on your pay plus a percentage of your reported tips.

Not enough pay to cover taxes. If your regular pay is not enough for your employer to withhold all the tax (including income tax, social security tax, Medicare tax, or railroad retirement tax) due on your pay plus your tips, you can give your employer money to cover the shortage. See Giving your employer money for taxes in chapter 7.

Allocated tips. Your employer should not withhold income tax, social security tax, Medicare tax, or railroad retirement tax on any allocated tips. Withholding is based only on your pay plus your reported tips. Your employer should refund to you any incorrectly withheld tax. See Allocated Tips in chapter 7 for more information.

Taxable Fringe Benefits

The value of certain fringe benefits you receive from your employer is considered part of your pay. Your employer generally must withhold income tax on these benefits from your regular pay.

For information on fringe benefits, see Fringe Benefits under Employee Compensation in chapter 6.

Your employer can choose not to withhold income tax on the value of your personal use of an employer-provided car, truck, or other highway motor vehicle. Your employer must notify you if this choice is made.

For more information on withholding on taxable fringe benefits, see chapter 1 of Publication 505.

Sick Pay

Sick pay is a payment to you to replace your regular wages while you are temporarily absent from work due to sickness or personal injury. To qualify as sick pay, it must be paid under a plan to which your employer is a party.

If you receive sick pay from your employer or an agent of your employer, income tax must be withheld. An agent who does not pay regular wages to you may choose to withhold income tax at a flat rate.

However, if you receive sick pay from a third party who is not acting as an agent of your employer, income tax will be withheld only if you choose to have it withheld. See Form W-4S, later.

If you receive payments under a plan in which your employer does not participate (such as an accident or health plan where you paid all the premiums), the payments are not sick pay and usually are not taxable.

Union agreements. If you receive sick pay under a collective bargaining agreement between your union and your employer, the agreement may determine the amount of income tax withholding. See your union representative or your employer for more information.

Form W-4S. If you choose to have income tax withheld from sick pay paid by a third party, such as an insurance company, you must fill out Form W-4S. Its instructions contain a worksheet you can use to figure the amount you want withheld. They also explain restrictions that may apply.

Give the completed form to the payer of your sick pay. The payer must withhold according to your directions on the form.

If you do not request withholding on Form W-4S, or if you do not have enough tax withheld, you may have to make estimated tax payments. If you do not pay enough estimated tax or have enough income tax withheld, you may have to pay a penalty.

Pensions and Annuities

Income tax usually will be withheld from your pension or annuity distributions unless you choose not to have it withheld. This rule applies to distributions from:

A traditional individual retirement arrangement (IRA),
A life insurance company under an endowment, annuity, or life insurance contract,
A pension, annuity, or profit-sharing plan,
A stock bonus plan, and
Any other plan that defers the time you receive compensation.

The amount withheld depends on whether you receive payments spread out over more than one year (periodic payments), within one year (nonperiodic payments), or as an eligible rollover distribution (ERD). You cannot choose not to have income tax withheld from an ERD.

More information. For more information on taxation of annuities and distributions (including eligible rollover distributions) from qualified retirement plans, see chapter 11. For information on IRAs, see chapter 18. For more information on withholding on pensions and annuities, including a discussion of Form W-4P, see Pensions and Annuities in chapter 1 of Publication 505.

Gambling Winnings

Income tax is withheld from certain kinds of gambling winnings at a flat rate.

Gambling winnings of more than $5,000 from the following sources are subject to income tax withholding.

Any sweepstakes, wagering pool, or lottery.
Any other wager, if the proceeds are at least 300 times the amount of the bet.

It does not matter whether your winnings are paid in cash, in property, or as an annuity. Winnings not paid in cash are taken into account at their fair market value.

Gambling winnings from bingo, keno, and slot machines generally are not subject to income tax withholding. However, you may need to provide the payer with a social security number to avoid withholding. See Backup withholding on gambling winnings in Publication 505. If you receive gambling winnings not subject to withholding, you may need to pay estimated tax. See Estimated Tax, later.

If you do not pay enough tax through withholding or estimated tax payments, you may have to pay a penalty. See Underpayment Penalty, later.

Form W-2G. If a payer withholds income tax from your gambling winnings, you should receive a Form W-2G, Certain Gambling Winnings, showing the amount you won and the amount withheld. Report the tax withheld on line 63 of Form 1040.

Unemployment Compensation

You can choose to have income tax withheld from unemployment compensation. To make this choice, you will have to fill out Form W-4V (or a similar form provided by the payer) and give it to the payer.

Unemployment compensation is taxable. So, if you do not have income tax withheld, you may have to pay estimated tax. See Estimated Tax, later.

If you do not pay enough tax either through withholding or estimated tax, you may have to pay a penalty. See Underpayment Penalty, later, for information.

Federal Payments

You can choose to have income tax withheld from certain federal payments you receive. These payments are:

Social security benefits,
Tier 1 railroad retirement benefits,
Commodity credit loans you choose to include in your gross income, and
Payments under the Agricultural Act of 1949 (7 U.S.C. 1421 et. seq.), or title II of the Disaster Assistance Act of 1988, as amended, that are treated as insurance proceeds and that you receive because:
1. Your crops were destroyed or damaged by drought, flood, or any other natural disaster, or
2. You were unable to plant crops because of a natural disaster described in (a).

To make this choice, you will have to fill out Form W-4V (or a similar form provided by the payer) and give it to the payer.

If you do not choose to have income tax withheld, you may have to pay estimated tax. See Estimated Tax, later.

If you do not pay enough tax either through withholding or estimated tax, you may have to pay a penalty. See Underpayment Penalty, later, for information.

More information. For more information about the tax treatment of social security and railroad retirement benefits, see chapter 12. Get Publication 225, Farmer's Tax Guide, for information about the tax treatment of commodity credit loans or crop disaster payments.

Backup Withholding

Banks and other businesses that pay you certain kinds of income must file an information return (Form 1099) with the IRS. The information return shows how much you were paid during the year. It also includes your name and taxpayer identification number (TIN). TINs are explained in chapter 1.

These payments generally are not subject to withholding. However, “backup” withholding is required in certain situations. Backup withholding can apply to most kinds of payments that are reported on Form 1099.

The payer must withhold at a flat rate in the following situations.

You do not give the payer your TIN in the required manner.
The IRS notifies the payer that the TIN you gave is incorrect.
You are required, but fail, to certify that you are not subject to backup withholding.
The IRS notifies the payer to start withholding on interest or dividends because you have underreported interest or dividends on your income tax return. The IRS will do this only after it has mailed you four notices over at least a 120-day period.

See Backup Withholding in chapter 1 of Publication 505 for more information.

Penalties. There are civil and criminal penalties for giving false information to avoid backup withholding. The civil penalty is $500. The criminal penalty, upon conviction, is a fine of up to $1,000 or imprisonment of up to 1 year, or both.

Estimated Tax

Estimated tax is the method used to pay tax on income that is not subject to withholding. This includes income from self-employment, interest, dividends, alimony, rent, gains from the sale of assets, prizes, and awards. You also may have to pay estimated tax if the amount of income tax being withheld from your salary, pension, or other income is not enough.

Estimated tax is used to pay both income tax and self-employment tax, as well as other taxes and amounts reported on your tax return. If you do not pay enough through withholding or estimated tax payments, you may have to pay a penalty. If you do not pay enough by the due date of each payment period (see When To Pay Estimated Tax, later), you may be charged a penalty even if you are due a refund when you file your tax return. For information on when the penalty applies, see Underpayment Penalty, later.

Who Does Not Have To Pay Estimated Tax

If you receive salaries or wages, you can avoid having to pay estimated tax by asking your employer to take more tax out of your earnings. To do this, give a new Form W-4 to your employer. See chapter 1 of Publication 505.

Estimated tax not required. You do not have to pay estimated tax for 2005 if you meet all three of the following conditions.

You had no tax liability for 2004.
You were a U.S. citizen or resident for the whole year.
Your 2004 tax year covered a 12-month period.

You had no tax liability for 2004 if your total tax was zero or you did not have to file an income tax return.

Who Must Pay Estimated Tax?

If you had a tax liability for 2004, you may have to pay estimated tax for 2005.

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Figure 5-A Do You Have To Pay Estimated Tax?

General rule. You must pay estimated tax for 2005 if both of the following apply.

You expect to owe at least $1,000 in tax for 2005 after subtracting your withholding and credits.
You expect your withholding and credits to be less than the smaller of:
1. 90% of the tax to be shown on your 2005 tax return, or
2. 100% of the tax shown on your 2004 tax return. Your 2004 tax return must cover all 12 months.

Special rules for farmers, fishermen, and higher income taxpayers. There are exceptions to the general rule for farmers, fishermen, and certain higher income taxpayers. See Figure 5-A and chapter 2 of Publication 505 for more information.

Aliens. Resident and nonresident aliens may also have to pay estimated tax. Resident aliens should follow the rules in this chapter unless noted otherwise. Nonresident aliens should get Form 1040-ES(NR), U.S. Estimated Tax for Nonresident Alien Individuals.

Married taxpayers. To figure whether you must pay estimated tax, apply the rules discussed here to your separate estimated income. If you can make joint estimated tax payments, you can apply these rules on a joint basis.

You and your spouse can make joint estimated tax payments even if you are not living together.

You and your spouse cannot make joint estimated tax payments if:

You are legally separated under a decree of divorce or separate maintenance,
Either spouse is a nonresident alien, or
You and your spouse have different tax years.

Whether you and your spouse make joint estimated tax payments or separate payments will not affect your choice of filing a joint tax return or separate returns for 2005.

2004 separate returns and 2005 joint return. If you plan to file a joint return with your spouse for 2005, but you filed separate returns for 2004, your 2004 tax is the total of the tax shown on your separate returns. You filed a separate return if you filed as single, head of household, or married filing separately.

2004 joint return and 2005 separate returns. If you plan to file a separate return for 2005, but you filed a joint return for 2004, your 2004 tax is your share of the tax on the joint return. You file a separate return if you file as single, head of household, or married filing separately.

To figure your share of the tax on the joint return, first figure the tax both you and your spouse would have paid had you filed separate returns for 2004 using the same filing status as for 2005. Then multiply the tax on the joint return by the following fraction.

	The tax you would have paid had you filed a separate return
	The total tax you and your spouse would have paid had you filed separate returns

Example.

Joe and Heather filed a joint return for 2004 showing taxable income of $48,500 and a tax of $6,564. Of the $48,500 taxable income, $40,100 was Joe's and the rest was Heather's. For 2005, they plan to file married filing separately. Joe figures his share of the tax on the 2004 joint return as follows.

Tax on $40,100 based on a separate return	$ 6,769
Tax on $8,400 based on a separate return	906
Total	$ 7,675
Joe's percentage of total ($6,769 ÷ $7,675)	88%
Joe's share of tax on joint return ($6,564 × 88%)	$ 5,776

How To Figure Estimated Tax

To figure your estimated tax, you must figure your expected adjusted gross income, taxable income, taxes, deductions, and credits for the year.

When figuring your 2005 estimated tax, it may be helpful to use your income, deductions, and credits for 2004 as a starting point. Use your 2004 federal tax return as a guide. You can use Form 1040-ES to figure your estimated tax.

You must make adjustments both for changes in your own situation and for recent changes in the tax law. For 2005, there are several changes in the law. Some of these changes are discussed in Publication 553, Highlights of 2004 Tax Changes, or visit the IRS website at www.irs.gov.

Form 1040-ES includes a worksheet to help you figure your estimated tax. Keep the worksheet for your records.

For more complete information and examples of how to figure your estimated tax for 2005, see chapter 2 of Publication 505.

When To Pay Estimated Tax

For estimated tax purposes, the year is divided into four payment periods. Each period has a specific payment due date. If you do not pay enough tax by the due date of each of the payment periods, you may be charged a penalty even if you are due a refund when you file your income tax return. The following chart gives the payment periods and due dates for estimated tax payments.

For the period:	Due date:
Jan. 1* through Mar. 31	Apr. 15
April 1 through May 31	June 15
June 1 through Aug. 31	Sept. 15
Sept. 1 through Dec. 31	Jan. 15 next year**

*If your tax year does not begin on January 1, see the Form 1040-ES instructions.

**See January payment, later.

Saturday, Sunday, holiday rule. If the due date for an estimated tax payment falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the payment will be on time if you make it on the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday. For example, a payment due Sunday, January 15, 2006, will be on time if you make it by Tuesday, January 17, 2006. January 16 is a legal holiday.

January payment. If you file your 2005 Form 1040 or Form 1040A by January 31, 2006, and pay the rest of the tax you owe, you do not need to make the payment due on January 15, 2006.

Fiscal year taxpayers. If your tax year does not start on January 1, see the Form 1040-ES instructions for your payment due dates.

When To Start

You do not have to make estimated tax payments until you have income on which you will owe the tax. If you have income subject to estimated tax during the first payment period, you must make your first payment by the due date for the first payment period. You can pay all your estimated tax at that time, or you can pay it in installments. If you choose to pay in installments, make your first payment by the due date for the first payment period. Make your remaining installment payments by the due dates for the later periods.

No income subject to estimated tax during first period. If you do not have income subject to estimated tax until a later payment period, you can make your first payment by the due date for that period. You can pay your entire estimated tax by the due date for that period, or you can pay it in installments by the due date for that period and the due dates for the remaining periods. The following chart shows when to make installment payments.

If you first have income on which you must pay estimated tax:	Make a payment by:	Make later installments by:
Before Apr. 1	Apr. 15	June 15 Sept. 15 Jan. 15 next year*
After Mar. 31 and before June 1	June 15	Sept. 15 Jan. 15 next year*
After May 31 and before Sept. 1	Sept. 15	Jan. 15 next year*
After Aug. 31	Jan. 15 next year*	(None)

*See January payment, and Saturday, Sunday, holiday rule under When To Pay Estimated Tax, earlier.

How much to pay to avoid a penalty. To determine how much you should pay by each payment due date, see How To Figure Each Payment, next. If the earlier discussion of No income subject to estimated tax during first period or the later discussion of Change in estimated tax apply to you, you may need to read Annualized Income Installment Method in chapter 2 of Publication 505 for information on how to avoid a penalty.

How To Figure Each Payment

You should pay enough estimated tax by the due date of each payment period to avoid a penalty for that period. You can figure your required payment for each period by using either the regular installment method or the annualized income installment method. These methods are described in Publication 505. If you do not pay enough each payment period, you may be charged a penalty even if you are due a refund when you file your tax return.

Underpayment penalty. If your estimated tax payment for a previous period is less than one-fourth of your amended estimated tax, you may be charged a penalty for underpayment of estimated tax for that period when you file your tax return. See chapter 4 of Publication 505 for more information.

Change in estimated tax. After you make an estimated tax payment, changes in your income, adjustments, deductions, credits, or exemptions may make it necessary for you to refigure your estimated tax. Pay the unpaid balance of your amended estimated tax by the next payment due date after the change or in installments by that date and the due dates for the remaining payment periods.

Estimated Tax Payments Not Required

You do not have to pay estimated tax if your withholding in each payment period is at least as much as:

One-fourth of your required annual payment, or
Your required annualized income installment for that period.

You also do not have to pay estimated tax if you will pay enough through withholding to keep the amount you owe with your return under $1,000.

How To Pay Estimated Tax

There are five ways to pay estimated tax.

By crediting an overpayment on your 2004 return to your 2005 estimated tax.
By sending in your payment with a payment-voucher from Form 1040-ES.
By using the Electronic Federal Tax Payment System (EFTPS). For EFTPS information, see chapter 1.
By electronic funds withdrawal if you are filing Form 1040 or Form 1040A electronically.
By credit card using a pay-by-phone system or the Internet.

Crediting an Overpayment

When you file your Form 1040 or Form 1040A for 2004 and you have an overpayment of tax, you can apply part or all of it to your estimated tax for 2005. On line 73 of Form 1040, or line 46 of Form 1040A, enter the amount you want credited to your estimated tax rather than refunded. The amount you have credited should be taken into account when figuring your estimated tax payments.

The credit will be applied to your payments in the order necessary to avoid the penalty for underpayment of estimated tax. You cannot have any of that amount refunded to you until the close of that tax year. You also cannot use that overpayment in any other way.

Using the Payment-Vouchers

Each payment of estimated tax must be accompanied by a payment-voucher from Form 1040-ES. If you made estimated tax payments last year, you should receive a copy of the 2005 Form 1040-ES in the mail. It will have payment-vouchers preprinted with your name, address, and social security number. Using the preprinted vouchers will speed processing, reduce the chance of error, and help save processing costs.

If you did not pay estimated tax last year, you will have to get Form 1040-ES. After you make your first payment, a Form 1040-ES package with the preprinted vouchers will be mailed to you. Follow the instructions in the package to make sure you use the vouchers correctly.

Use the window envelopes that came with your Form 1040-ES package. If you use your own envelope, make sure you mail your payment-vouchers to the address shown in the Form 1040-ES instructions for the place where you live.

Do not use the address shown in the Form 1040 or Form 1040A instructions.

If you file a joint return and you are making joint estimated tax payments, please enter the names and social security numbers on the payment voucher in the same order as they will appear on the joint return.

Change of address. You must notify the IRS if you are making estimated tax payments and you changed your address during the year. You must send a clear and concise written statement to the IRS Service Center where you filed your last return and provide all of the following:

Your full name (and your spouse's full name),
Your signature (and spouse's signature),
Your old address (and spouse's old address if different),
Your new address, and
Your social security number (and spouse's social security number).

You can use Form 8822, Change of Address, for this purpose.

You can continue to use your old preprinted payment-vouchers until the IRS sends you new ones. However, do not correct the address on the old voucher.

Payment by Electronic Funds Withdrawal or Credit Card

If you want to make estimated payments by electronic funds withdrawal or by credit card, see the Form 1040-ES instructions or How To Pay Estimated Tax in Publication 505.

Credit for Withholding and Estimated Tax

When you file your 2004 income tax return, take credit for all the income tax and excess social security or railroad retirement tax withheld from your salary, wages, pensions, etc. Also, take credit for the estimated tax you paid for 2004. These credits are subtracted from your tax. You should file a return and claim these credits, even if you do not owe tax.

If you had two or more employers and were paid wages of more than $87,900 during 2004, too much social security or railroad retirement tax may have been withheld from your wages. See Credit for Excess Social Security Tax or Railroad Retirement Tax Withheld in chapter 39.

Withholding

If you had income tax withheld during 2004, you should be sent a statement by January 31, 2005, showing your income and the tax withheld. Depending on the source of your income, you will receive:

Form W-2, Wage and Tax Statement,
Form W-2G, Certain Gambling Winnings, or
A form in the 1099 series.